The production
of CBD hemp for medicinal purposes is legal in some countries. This hemp is
processed and used for the production of medicines. The cultivation of CBD
hemp is highly regulated by the government. In the photo - industrial
cultivation of medical cannabis.
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service!
When growing special varieties of industrial hemp for
seeds, reduced seeding rates are used, and seed harvesting is carried out by
high-performance harvesters.
The
technology of industrial hemp cultivation should be developed taking into
account local characteristics. At the photo - nitrogen
(N) deficiency of cannabis.
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Cultivation of hemp requires the application of a
sufficient annual amount of organic and mineral fertilizers. A feature of
the nutrition of the hemp plant is its more active absorption of nitrogen
and less potassium, which must be taken into account when planning a crop
rotation system or fertigation in hemp greenhouse.
There are
many varieties of hemp, depending on the direction of use. In this section,
we will provide a description of the Ukrainian varieties of drug-free
technical hemp.
The latest
developments of breeders are varieties of drug-free hemp Victoria, Glyana
and Nika.
Varieties of drug-free
technical hemp
Variety
Vegetation period,
days
Stem height, cm
Straw yield, t/ha
Seed yield, t/ha
USO-31
115-120
220-250
7,0
0,8-1,0
Victoria
115-120
220-250
7,0-7,5
1,0-1,3
Glyana
115-120
230-270
7,5-8,0
1,0-1,2
Nika
130-135
280-300
9,5-11,5
0,8-0,7
VARIETY HEMP GLYANA
Institute of Bast Cultures NAAS.
Authors of the variety - I.M Lajko, V.G. Vyrovets, I.I. Sherban, G.I.
Kirichenko, V.P. Sitnik
Monoecious plants - plants in which unisexual flowers male (stamen) and
female (pistil) are on the same plant.
Vegetation period - 115 - 120 days.
The fiber content is 30.0 to 32.0%.
The content of the plane is 0%.
The THC content is 0%.
Crop yields: straw - 7.5 - 8.0 t / ha; seeds - 1.0 - 1.2 t / ha.
Fiber quality indicators: - breaking load - 30 - 38 daN; - linear density -
30 - 35 tex; - number - 7.0 - 7.5.
HEMP VARIETY GLESIA
Institute of Bast Cultures NAAS.
Authors of the variety - I.M. Lajko, V.G. Virovets, G.I. Kirichenko, I.I.
Sherban, С.В. Mishchenko, M.D. Blinking
Monoecious plants - plants in which unisexual flowers male (stamen) and
female (pistil) are on the same plant.
Vegetation period - 115 - 120 days.
The fiber content is 28.0 to 30.0%.
Plane content - 0% The THC content is 0%.
Crop yields: straw - 7.5 - 8.0 t / ha; seeds - 1.7 - 2.0 t / ha
Fiber quality indicators: breaking load - 32 - 40 daN; linear density - 32 -
42 tex; number - 6.0 - 6.5.
The variety has high seed yield. Year of registration: 2016
For
hemp, the most suitable for growing are highly
fertile lowland soils and pubescent peatlands with a groundwater level of
not less than 0.75 m from the soil surface.
The hemp tillage system consists of basic
autumn, early spring and pre-sowing tillage. As in the case of tillage for
wheat, the entire tillage system for growing technical hemp can be done in
1-3 passes. In the photo - strip tillage Strip-Till using the machine
Orthman 1tRIPr®
After the previous
stubble crops, an improved tillage method is recommended, including stubble
peeling in two tracks: the first to a depth of 5-6 cm with disc light or
medium disc harrows and the second after 10-12 days to a depth of 14-16 cm
with cultivators (preferably stubble cultivators) in the unit with ring-spur
rollers.
Plowing is carried out
after the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Or apply
fertilizers at the same time as chisel plowing or
Strip-Till.
The classic system of
growing technical hemp assumes that the depth of plowing directly depends on
the system of fertilizer application. If only mineral fertilizers are used,
it is necessary to plow to a depth of 20 - 22 cm. If organic fertilizers are
used, it is necessary to plow to a depth of 27 cm.
It is desirable to do
plowing with simultaneous back leveling of the soil (by means of special
rollers which are aggregated with a plow). On soils with a small layer of
humus, plowing should not be done by inverting or mixing the soil layers.
There is a positive
experience in the cultivation of technical hemp,
No-Till and Strip-Till.
When
growing technical hemp, the level of yield largely depends on the quality of
the seeds.
Conditioned
seeds must be well-ripened, rounded, and have a high field germination.
Sowing
technical hemp seeds with germination below 85% becomes economically
impractical, as it further leads to the loss of seed material. It is
strongly recommended not to increase the seeding rate, as this will result
in a correspondingly low seed yield.
High
germination of technical hemp seeds can be obtained only by complying with a
number of requirements: compliance with seed maturity, harvesting dates,
threshing techniques, post-harvest ripening period, humidity, drying
conditions, storage conditions and duration, injury, size, etc.
Technical
hemp seeds are brought to sowing conditions by primary cleaning, drying,
sorting, calibration and pickling.
For
cleaning of a heap of hemp it is recommended to apply cleaners OVP - 20A,
OVS - 25, for secondary cleaning - SVU-5 or MS - 4,5, OS - 4,5A, "Petkus
giant", "Pektus super" K 541 and others. The given maschines
allow to receive necessary quality of seeds for one pass. Increasing the
number of passes leads to injury to the seeds, which negatively affects the
quality of the seed.
Hemp
responds very well to the treatment of seeds with fungicides: Vitavax (UPL),
Kinto-Duo (BASF), Vincit (FMC), Rancona (UPL) and the treatment of seeds
with humates and fertilizers for seeds. In some cases, insecticides and
mixed fungicide + insecticide preparations are used to treat the hemp seeds.
How to sow hemp? Most often, hemp is
sown by seeds, in a wide row (45-70 cm) or
propagated by clones (seedlings).
The term of sowing of technical hemp is of
great importance for obtaining stable and high yields.
The sowing period of hemp
depends on weather conditions, moisture reserves, soil type, etc.
Sowing
of technical hemp by classical technology with the help of a precision seed
drill
Sowing
of scientific plots of technical hemp
Studies show that it is
effective to carry out early sowing in a period when the average daily soil
temperature at a depth of 5 cm is 8 - 10 °C.
In temperate climates,
the optimal sowing period is March-early April, and in the northeastern
regions - late April - early May.
At the beginning of the
last century, it was believed that the optimal sowing rate of technical hemp
for all soil types is 6 to 6.5 million germinating seeds per 1 ha. Based on
many years of research, it was determined that with the introduction of new
high-fiber varieties, including monoecious hemp without narcotic properties,
the direction of different uses of crops, the approach to the application of
norms and methods of sowing technical hemp has changed.
At double use of technical hemp, depending on
reproduction of crops make:
wide-row method with
rows of 45 or 60 cm
tape two-row method
with a row spacing of 45 cm, and between the tapes 15 cm
the usual line
method with a seeding rate of 0.9 - 2.4 million germinating seeds per 1
ha
Технологии выращивания технической конопли и медицинской
конопли очень сильно различаются, также отличается и технология выращивания
конопли на семена. Также медицинскую коноплю выращивают
indoor и в теплицах. Техническую коноплю
выращивают обычно в полевых условиях
The thickening of the
technical hemp stem helps to increase the yield and quality of straw and
fiber. The stems are becoming more technologically advanced, with a smaller
diameter and a high fiber content.
On a fertilized
background, the optimal sowing rates of technical hemp for greens are 4.0 -
4.5 million units/ha of germinating seeds. This ensures high yield and fiber
quality. A further increase in the seeding rate is inexpedient from an
economic point of view and only leads to irrational use of seed.
Harvesting is a
decisive and main stage in the process of growing industrial hemp, as well
as one of the most labor-intensive operations in the technological scheme of
growing this crop.
Dual use of hemp
(fiber and feed). Harvesting hemp fiber with a modified Claas Xerion 4000
with hemp fiber lifting mower. The harvester separates the protein-rich
foliage from the stem and stores it in a hopper at the rear of the machine.
This plant mass is used as animal feed. The fiber-rich stems are left on the
ground, after which they are pressed into bales and then processed into
composite materials such as door panels in cars or insulation materials
The
harvesting technology of technical hemp differs from the harvesting
technologies of other agricultural crops, as it requires a whole range of
special machinery and equipment. And all this is due to the fact that
Cannabis contains fibrous components. When harvesting, the fiber is wound
around the working bodies, which rotate and do not allow cleaning with the
help of classical harvesting equipment. In addition, hemp harvesting
technology is closely related to the subsequent primary processing of the
crop.
All classic harvesting
options for industrial hemp are intended to be preserved at harvest for
subsequent production of long fibers from them.
If the parallel
arrangement of the stems is not a prerequisite, that is, obtaining a long
fiber is not the main task, other examples of technology can be used. In
this case, it is possible to use more productive and versatile agricultural
machines for harvesting, in particular grain harvesters, which allow
harvesting in a short time frame, while minimizing seed losses.
Today, in the USA,
France and other European countries, hemp seed crops are harvested using
various combine harvesters: Case, Claas, John Deer, Massey Ferguson, etc.
The technological
process of harvesting industrial hemp seeds with a combine harvester
includes cutting the stems at a height of up to 150 cm with a cutting
machine and threshing the mowed mass in a threshing machine. Further, the
selected seeds after cleaning are transported to the bunker, and the stem
part is placed on the ground in a swath. After harvesting the seed material
by grain combines, a cut part of the stems remains in the field, the
collection of which, according to accepted technologies, is prevented by a
tangle of heaps and broken stems after the passage of the combine. Some
manufacturers of industrial hemp do not pay much attention to the collection
of stem residues, since this technology is aimed at obtaining seeds, and the
stem part is recycled.
For harvesting seed
crops, choose combines based on the condition of the crops. So on a stem
plant with a plant height of 110-130 cm, the cutting height of the seed part
of the stems is in the range of 50-70 cm, so ordinary combine harvesters can
also be used on such hemp crops.
Harvesting technical (drug-free) hemp seeds
for subsequent production of hemp oil
Straw and stalks can be
used for short fibers (textile direction), energy purposes (for heating in
the form of pellets or briquettes), as building material (composites,
fillers, etc.), and as a raw material for the pulp industry (papermaking).
It is advisable to
harvest the technical hemp stems during their natural drying.
Harvesting technical hemp seeds. On the
video - harvesting seeds of technical hemp. Modern varieties of industrial
hemp, intended only for seed production, often do not have a large
vegetative mass, but they give an excellent yield of oil seeds
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